Introduction Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in adults. It can present with palpitations, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, fatigue, or an irregular heartbeat, though in some cases it may be entirely asymptomatic. Managing atrial fibrillation requires careful evaluation, as treatment extends beyond symptom relief to include stroke prevention, rate or rhythm control, and addressing the underlying cardiovascular risk profile. Recent
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